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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Zeitableitung</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Die <b>Zeitableitung</b> ist eine <a href="Differentialrechnung" title="Differentialrechnung">Ableitung</a> eines Wertes nach der <a href="Zeit" title="Zeit">Zeit</a>. Aus dem <a href="Ort_(Physik)" title="Ort (Physik)">Ort</a> eines sich bewegenden <a href="K%C3%B6rper_(Physik)" title="Körper (Physik)">Körpers</a> entstehen durch mehrfach hintereinander angewandte Zeitableitung die <a href="Geschwindigkeit" title="Geschwindigkeit">Geschwindigkeit</a>, die <a href="Beschleunigung" title="Beschleunigung">Beschleunigung</a> und der <a href="Ruck" title="Ruck">Ruck</a>. Allgemein entsteht durch Zeitableitung die <a href="%C3%84nderungsrate" title="Änderungsrate">Änderungsrate</a> des Werts, der wie beim Ort eine <a href="Physikalische_Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fe" title="Physikalische Größe">physikalische Größe</a> oder beispielsweise eine ökonomische Funktion<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sein kann.
</p><p>Die Umkehrung der Zeitableitung ist die <b>Zeit­<a href="Integralrechnung" title="Integralrechnung">integration</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, für die in Form der <a href="Numerische_Simulation" title="Numerische Simulation">numerischen Simulation</a> mächtige Lösungsverfahren zur Verfügung stehen. So können mit der Zeitableitung <a href="Vorhersage" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorhersage">Vorhersagen</a> über zukünftige Werte ermittelt werden, die bei einer <a href="Wertung" title="Wertung">Wertung</a> und/oder <a href="Entscheidungsfindung" class="mw-redirect" title="Entscheidungsfindung">Entscheidungsfindung</a> helfen können, so wie <a href="Wettervorhersage" title="Wettervorhersage">Wettervorhersagen</a> bei der Planung der nächsten Tage. Es können auch die hinter der Zeitableitung stehenden Annahmen und Theorien <a href="Validit%C3%A4t" title="Validität">validiert</a> oder <a href="Falsifikation" title="Falsifikation">falsifiziert</a> werden. In der <a href="Wissenschaftstheorie" title="Wissenschaftstheorie">Wissenschaftstheorie</a> nach <a href="Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a> nimmt die <a href="Falsifizierbarkeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Falsifizierbarkeit">Falsifizierbarkeit</a> einer Theorie oder Hypothese eine zentrale Rolle ein.
</p><p>Gewöhnlich ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
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<mi>t</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="Latein" title="Latein">lateinisch</a></span> <span lang="la-Latn" style="font-style:italic">tempus</span> die Variable, die die Zeit bezeichnet.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notation">Notation</h2></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Differentialrechnung#Notationen" title="Differentialrechnung">Differentialrechnung #Notationen</a></i></div>
<p>Für die Zeitableitung einer <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Funktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi>f</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> werden viele Notationen verwendet.
</p>
<ul><li>Auf <a href="Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz</a> geht die Leibniz-Notation zurück:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} f}{\mathrm {d} t}}}">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>f</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>t</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} f}{\mathrm {d} t}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2ad96bb5d9ef6191df0f36fcfb5a96539e1baa47.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:3.407ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} f}{\mathrm {d} t}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> benutzte den <a href="%C3%9Cberpunkt#Als_wissenschaftliches_Symbol" title="Überpunkt">Überpunkt</a> (Newton-Notation), der häufig in der Physik verwendet wird:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {f}}}">
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {f}}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/30c87207a865fc766fb126d736bbca2e75111a12.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.699ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {f}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li><a href="Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Eulers</a> Notation benutzt die <a href="Differentialoperator" title="Differentialoperator">Operatoren</a>-Schreibweise mit einem D oder ∂:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {D} f(t)=\mathrm {D} _{t}f=\partial _{t}f}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
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<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
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<mi>f</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
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<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {D} f(t)=\mathrm {D} _{t}f=\partial _{t}f}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68625e1846816a142c05e0e5ad73e33b3fefc331.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.119ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {D} f(t)=\mathrm {D} _{t}f=\partial _{t}f}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Hängt der Funktionswert nicht nur von der Zeit, sondern auch von anderen Größen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> ab, dann bedeutet die <a href="Partielle_Ableitung" title="Partielle Ableitung">partielle Ableitung</a> die Zeitableitung bei konstant gehaltenem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span>:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f(x,t)}{\partial t}}:=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}f(x,t)\right|_{x\;{\text{fest}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>f</mi>
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<mi>x</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
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<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
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<mo>:=</mo>
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<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mi>x</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f(x,t)}{\partial t}}:=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}f(x,t)\right|_{x\;{\text{fest}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/52a268602381b113e0b7477e13cb966ceb222317.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:26.435ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial f(x,t)}{\partial t}}:=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}f(x,t)\right|_{x\;{\text{fest}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Mehrfache Zeitableitungen, wie beispielsweise die zweite, werden notiert als</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}f}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}},\;{\ddot {f}},\;{\frac {\partial ^{2}f}{\partial t^{2}}},\;\partial _{tt}f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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</msup>
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mover>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>¨<!-- ¨ --></mo>
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
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<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
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<mi>f</mi>
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<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<msup>
<mi>t</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
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<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<msub>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>t</mi>
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<mi>f</mi>
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}f}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}},\;{\ddot {f}},\;{\frac {\partial ^{2}f}{\partial t^{2}}},\;\partial _{tt}f}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f2e0a38c3831c262d7fe371d43e0c2682e3e8aaf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:19.643ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}f}{\mathrm {d} t^{2}}},\;{\ddot {f}},\;{\frac {\partial ^{2}f}{\partial t^{2}}},\;\partial _{tt}f}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<ul><li>Analog werden auch Zeitableitungen für <a href="Vektor" title="Vektor">vektorielle</a> Größen geschrieben:</li></ul>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {v}}&amp;=\left(v_{1},v_{2},v_{3},\ldots \right)\\\rightarrow {\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {v}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}&amp;=\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} v_{1}}{\mathrm {d} t}},{\frac {\mathrm {d} v_{2}}{\mathrm {d} t}},{\frac {\mathrm {d} v_{3}}{\mathrm {d} t}},\ldots \right)\;\mathrm {bzw.} \\\rightarrow {\dot {\vec {v}}}&amp;=\left({\dot {v}}_{1},{\dot {v}}_{2},{\dot {v}}_{3},\ldots \right)\end{aligned}}}">
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<mo>,</mo>
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<mo>)</mo>
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<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>v</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">b</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">w</mi>
<mo>.</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>,</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {v}}&amp;=\left(v_{1},v_{2},v_{3},\ldots \right)\\\rightarrow {\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {v}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}&amp;=\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} v_{1}}{\mathrm {d} t}},{\frac {\mathrm {d} v_{2}}{\mathrm {d} t}},{\frac {\mathrm {d} v_{3}}{\mathrm {d} t}},\ldots \right)\;\mathrm {bzw.} \\\rightarrow {\dot {\vec {v}}}&amp;=\left({\dot {v}}_{1},{\dot {v}}_{2},{\dot {v}}_{3},\ldots \right)\end{aligned}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a02207bfc22d2aad23a53e410f3942f20a655736.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.838ex; width:37.983ex; height:12.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\vec {v}}&amp;=\left(v_{1},v_{2},v_{3},\ldots \right)\\\rightarrow {\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {v}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}&amp;=\left({\frac {\mathrm {d} v_{1}}{\mathrm {d} t}},{\frac {\mathrm {d} v_{2}}{\mathrm {d} t}},{\frac {\mathrm {d} v_{3}}{\mathrm {d} t}},\ldots \right)\;\mathrm {bzw.} \\\rightarrow {\dot {\vec {v}}}&amp;=\left({\dot {v}}_{1},{\dot {v}}_{2},{\dot {v}}_{3},\ldots \right)\end{aligned}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>Um die Ableitungen überhaupt durchführen zu können, wird die Zeit als <a href="Kontinuum_(Physik)" title="Kontinuum (Physik)">kontinuierliche</a> Größe angenommen. Diese Annahme wird im Artikel „Zeit“ diskutiert, siehe dort „<a href="Zeit#Grenzen_des_physikalischen_Zeitbegriffs" title="Zeit">Grenzen des physikalischen Zeitbegriffs</a>“.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Besondere_Zeitableitungen">Besondere Zeitableitungen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relative_Zeitableitung">Relative Zeitableitung</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Beschleunigtes_Bezugssystem" title="Beschleunigtes Bezugssystem">Beschleunigtes Bezugssystem</a></i></div>
<p>Auf der Erde werden die Geschwindigkeiten im Alltag relativ zur Umgebung gemessen. Beispielsweise misst der <a href="Tachometer" title="Tachometer">Tachometer</a> im Auto die Geschwindigkeit relativ zum Untergrund. Zusätzlich <a href="Erdrotation" title="Erdrotation">dreht sich jedoch die Erde um sich selbst</a>. Soll dies berücksichtigt werden, dann addiert sich zur ersteren lokalen oder relativen Geschwindigkeit auf der Erdoberfläche noch ein Anteil hinzu, der sich aus der Rotation der Erde ergibt:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\dot {\vec {x}}}_{\text{rel}}+{\dot {\vec {x}}}_{\text{rot}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>rel</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>rot</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\dot {\vec {x}}}_{\text{rel}}+{\dot {\vec {x}}}_{\text{rot}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a96b473f75f994842592147ad0f8e9200ab94e5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.459ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\dot {\vec {x}}}_{\text{rel}}+{\dot {\vec {x}}}_{\text{rot}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Mathematisch lässt sich das mit einem <a href="Bezugssystem#Rotierendes_Bezugssystem" title="Bezugssystem">rotierenden Bezugssystem</a> darstellen.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\vec {x}}=\sum _{i}x_{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \textstyle {\vec {x}}=\sum _{i}x_{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/fb8772a89f650f9e4052f6bcd3bb5b98405642f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:12.289ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \textstyle {\vec {x}}=\sum _{i}x_{i}{\hat {e}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> ein Vektor mit Komponenten <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e87000dd6142b81d041896a30fe58f0c3acb2158.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.129ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> bezüglich eines <a href="Vektorraumbasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Vektorraumbasis">Basissystems</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{{\hat {e}}_{i}\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{{\hat {e}}_{i}\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3f8dab9eb14e5c536b72aaac6e3c56e816069dfc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.416ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{{\hat {e}}_{i}\}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Nach der <a href="Produktregel" title="Produktregel">Produktregel</a> lautet die Zeitableitung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}=\underbrace {\sum _{i}{\frac {\mathrm {d} x_{i}}{\mathrm {d} t}}{\hat {e}}_{i}} _{{\dot {\vec {x}}}_{\text{rel}}}+\underbrace {\sum _{i}x_{i}{\frac {\mathrm {d} {\hat {e}}_{i}}{\mathrm {d} t}}} _{{\dot {\vec {x}}}_{\text{rot}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<munder>
<mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>⏟<!-- ⏟ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>rel</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mo>+</mo>
<munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<munder>
<mrow>
<munder>
<mo>∑<!-- ∑ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</munder>
<msub>
<mi>x</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⏟<!-- ⏟ --></mo>
</munder>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>rot</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</munder>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}=\underbrace {\sum _{i}{\frac {\mathrm {d} x_{i}}{\mathrm {d} t}}{\hat {e}}_{i}} _{{\dot {\vec {x}}}_{\text{rel}}}+\underbrace {\sum _{i}x_{i}{\frac {\mathrm {d} {\hat {e}}_{i}}{\mathrm {d} t}}} _{{\dot {\vec {x}}}_{\text{rot}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c10d79b5224a1b9fa70dd2bc76098825ae2fbf3f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -7.671ex; margin-right: -0.028ex; width:29.608ex; height:11.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}=\underbrace {\sum _{i}{\frac {\mathrm {d} x_{i}}{\mathrm {d} t}}{\hat {e}}_{i}} _{{\dot {\vec {x}}}_{\text{rel}}}+\underbrace {\sum _{i}x_{i}{\frac {\mathrm {d} {\hat {e}}_{i}}{\mathrm {d} t}}} _{{\dot {\vec {x}}}_{\text{rot}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Darin ist
</p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}_{\text{rel}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} '{\vec {x}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} _{r}{\vec {x}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>rel</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}_{\text{rel}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} '{\vec {x}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} _{r}{\vec {x}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/aaf63e2ff2909ebe56f44892905a2be2f923bbe8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:18.166ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}_{\text{rel}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} '{\vec {x}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} _{r}{\vec {x}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>die relative Zeitableitung zum Basissystem <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{{\hat {e}}_{i}\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{{\hat {e}}_{i}\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3f8dab9eb14e5c536b72aaac6e3c56e816069dfc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.416ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{{\hat {e}}_{i}\}}" loading="lazy"></span>, wo dieses als konstant angenommen wird.
</p><p>Bei einem <a href="Orthonormalsystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthonormalsystem">Orthonormalsystem</a> kommt nur eine <a href="Rotierendes_Bezugssystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotierendes Bezugssystem">Rotation des Bezugssystems</a> in Frage, bei der sich die Zeitableitung der Basisvektoren im dreidimensionalen Raum unserer Anschauung gemäß <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\hat {e}}}_{i}={\vec {\omega }}\times {\hat {e}}_{i}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>e</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">^<!-- ^ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\hat {e}}}_{i}={\vec {\omega }}\times {\hat {e}}_{i}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/12f51b0eacd92ba2054ccc54d53c42d3af9a2ac4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.567ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\hat {e}}}_{i}={\vec {\omega }}\times {\hat {e}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> aus dem <a href="Kreuzprodukt" title="Kreuzprodukt">Kreuzprodukt</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \times }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \times }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0ffafff1ad26cbe49045f19a67ce532116a32703.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: 0.019ex; margin-bottom: -0.19ex; width:1.808ex; height:1.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \times }" loading="lazy"></span> mit der <a href="Winkelgeschwindigkeit" title="Winkelgeschwindigkeit">Winkelgeschwindigkeit</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4e066a68ceb355e3314fb2b97f1c0c421ca6074.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}}" loading="lazy"></span> des Bezugssystems errechnet. Damit ergibt sich
</p>
<dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}_{\text{rot}}={\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>rot</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}_{\text{rot}}={\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3242ebe423e23473361b791f82f8db2743672a88.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.383ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\dot {\vec {x}}}_{\text{rot}}={\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl>
<p>und die vollständige Zeitableitung
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} '{\vec {x}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}+{\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>×<!-- × --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} '{\vec {x}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}+{\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/73f147800a25de3cd277a4235e71360d53075421.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:19.156ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} {\vec {x}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}={\frac {\mathrm {d} '{\vec {x}}}{\mathrm {d} t}}+{\vec {\omega }}\times {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lokale_und_materielle_Zeitableitung">Lokale und materielle Zeitableitung</h3></div>
<p>Bei einem ausgedehnten Körper kann eine ihm zugeordnete Größe, beispielsweise die <a href="Temperatur" title="Temperatur">Temperatur</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span>, bei ungleichmäßiger Verteilung vom Ort <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db2dc6ced9cc3bc7e8b9f2707cbec033f6d3759c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> oder vom betrachteten Partikel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10d6ec962de5797ba4f161c40e66dca74ae95cc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.704ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}" loading="lazy"></span> des Körpers abhängen. Die Zeitableitung einer solchen Größe kann entsprechend ausgewertet werden:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li>bei festgehaltenem Raumpunkt (<i>lokale Zeitableitung</i>) oder</li>
<li>bei festgehaltenem Teilchen (<i>materielle</i> oder <i><a href="Substantielle_Ableitung" title="Substantielle Ableitung">substantielle Ableitung</a></i>).</li></ul>
<p>Weil sich die <a href="Physikalisches_Gesetz" title="Physikalisches Gesetz">physikalischen Gesetze</a> in der <a href="Klassische_Mechanik" title="Klassische Mechanik">klassischen Mechanik</a> auf materielle Punkte beziehen, ist dort die substantielle Zeitableitung bestimmend.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lokale_Zeitableitung">Lokale Zeitableitung</h4></div>
<p>Die lokale Zeitableitung, d.&nbsp;h. die Änderungsrate, die an einem festen Raumpunkt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db2dc6ced9cc3bc7e8b9f2707cbec033f6d3759c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> beobachtet wird, ist die partielle Zeitableitung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial T({\vec {x}},t)}{\partial t}}=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}T({\vec {x}},t)\right|_{{\vec {x}}\;{\text{fest}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>fest</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial T({\vec {x}},t)}{\partial t}}=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}T({\vec {x}},t)\right|_{{\vec {x}}\;{\text{fest}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b1c831dd48806ee95cc8d7a59beb5d7f2e7d83f2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:26.504ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial T({\vec {x}},t)}{\partial t}}=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}T({\vec {x}},t)\right|_{{\vec {x}}\;{\text{fest}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Beispielsweise misst ein <a href="Au%C3%9Fenthermometer" title="Außenthermometer">Außenthermometer</a> die Temperatur am Ort seiner Anbringung.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Materielle_Zeitableitung">Materielle Zeitableitung</h4></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Substantielle_Ableitung" title="Substantielle Ableitung">Substantielle Ableitung</a></i></div>
<p>Die materielle Zeitableitung ist die Zeitableitung bei festgehaltenem Partikel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10d6ec962de5797ba4f161c40e66dca74ae95cc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.704ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Das Thermometer würde hier nur die Temperatur und deren Rate beim Partikel <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10d6ec962de5797ba4f161c40e66dca74ae95cc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.704ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}" loading="lazy"></span> messen.
</p><p>In der <a href="Lagrangesche_Betrachtungsweise" title="Lagrangesche Betrachtungsweise">Lagrange’schen Darstellung</a> ist die materielle Zeitableitung die partielle Ableitung nach der Zeit:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}T_{0}({\mathcal {P}},t):=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}T_{0}({\mathcal {P}},t)\right|_{{\mathcal {P}}\;{\text{fest}}}={\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}T_{0}({\mathcal {P}},t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
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</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<msub>
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<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
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<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>fest</mtext>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}T_{0}({\mathcal {P}},t):=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}T_{0}({\mathcal {P}},t)\right|_{{\mathcal {P}}\;{\text{fest}}}={\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}T_{0}({\mathcal {P}},t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d4bada6ff69d76936c54a085f700aa7453494ec7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:44.902ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}T_{0}({\mathcal {P}},t):=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}T_{0}({\mathcal {P}},t)\right|_{{\mathcal {P}}\;{\text{fest}}}={\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}T_{0}({\mathcal {P}},t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>In der <a href="Eulersche_Betrachtungsweise" title="Eulersche Betrachtungsweise">Euler’schen Darstellung</a> setzt sich die materielle Zeitableitung zusammen aus dem lokalen und einem zusätzlichen <a href="Konvektion" title="Konvektion">konvektiven</a> Anteil:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}T({\vec {x}},t)={\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}T({\vec {x}},t)+\operatorname {grad} {\bigl (}T({\vec {x}},t){\bigr )}\cdot {\vec {v}}({\vec {x}},t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}T({\vec {x}},t)={\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}T({\vec {x}},t)+\operatorname {grad} {\bigl (}T({\vec {x}},t){\bigr )}\cdot {\vec {v}}({\vec {x}},t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/739e00df4e63341b47ae8a8cc10506354798afc2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:47.243ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}T({\vec {x}},t)={\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}T({\vec {x}},t)+\operatorname {grad} {\bigl (}T({\vec {x}},t){\bigr )}\cdot {\vec {v}}({\vec {x}},t)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit
</p>
<ul><li>dem <a href="Temperaturgradient" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperaturgradient">Temperaturgradienten</a><sup id="cite_ref-Frechet_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frechet-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} {\bigl (}T({\vec {x}},t){\bigr )}={\tfrac {\partial }{\partial {\vec {x}}}}T({\vec {x}},t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>grad</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">(</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE">
<mo maxsize="1.2em" minsize="1.2em">)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} {\bigl (}T({\vec {x}},t){\bigr )}={\tfrac {\partial }{\partial {\vec {x}}}}T({\vec {x}},t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b91a0726ee4072013dc217e3ac259a7aa307c44.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.671ex; width:26.15ex; height:4.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {grad} {\bigl (}T({\vec {x}},t){\bigr )}={\tfrac {\partial }{\partial {\vec {x}}}}T({\vec {x}},t)}" loading="lazy"></span></li>
<li>der Geschwindigkeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}({\vec {x}},t)={\dot {\vec {\chi }}}({\mathcal {P}},t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}({\vec {x}},t)={\dot {\vec {\chi }}}({\mathcal {P}},t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a094ce33999addeae096cb27612dcb5ae2063e44.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.128ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {v}}({\vec {x}},t)={\dot {\vec {\chi }}}({\mathcal {P}},t)}" loading="lazy"></span> des zur Zeit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> am Ort <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db2dc6ced9cc3bc7e8b9f2707cbec033f6d3759c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> befindlichen Teilchens <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/10d6ec962de5797ba4f161c40e66dca74ae95cc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.704ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit der <a href="Bewegungsfunktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bewegungsfunktion">Bewegungsfunktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}={\vec {\chi }}({\mathcal {P}},t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>χ<!-- χ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">P</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}={\vec {\chi }}({\mathcal {P}},t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/43ea2b9989b2dd5f1ada54b593603f38d357e60d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:11.27ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}={\vec {\chi }}({\mathcal {P}},t)}" loading="lazy"></span>.</li></ul>
<p>In der Euler’schen Darstellung bildet sich die materielle Zeitableitung also mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}={\tfrac {\partial }{\partial t}}+{\vec {v}}\cdot \nabla }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">D</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0">
<mfrac>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>v</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}={\tfrac {\partial }{\partial t}}+{\vec {v}}\cdot \nabla }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/91e128fb980acaec056d405c95833c0b53be4295.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:15.776ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tfrac {\mathrm {D} }{\mathrm {D} t}}={\tfrac {\partial }{\partial t}}+{\vec {v}}\cdot \nabla }" loading="lazy"></span> und dem <a href="Nabla-Operator" title="Nabla-Operator">Nabla-Operator</a> 𝜵, was sich auch auf Vektor- und Tensorfelder anwenden lässt, siehe <a href="Vektorgradient" title="Vektorgradient">Vektorgradient</a>.
</p><p>Siehe auch: <a href="Totales_Differential#Abweichender_Gebrauch_der_Begriffe_partielle_und_totale_Ableitung_in_der_Physik" title="Totales Differential">Abweichender Gebrauch der Begriffe partielle und totale Ableitung in der Physik</a>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objektive_Zeitableitung">Objektive Zeitableitung</h3></div>
<div class="hauptartikel" role="navigation"><span class="hauptartikel-pfeil" title="siehe" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation">→&nbsp;</span><i><span class="hauptartikel-text">Hauptartikel</span>: <a href="Euklidische_Transformation" title="Euklidische Transformation">Euklidische Transformation</a> und <a href="Prinzip_der_materiellen_Objektivit%C3%A4t" title="Prinzip der materiellen Objektivität">Prinzip der materiellen Objektivität</a></i></div>
<p>Ein Insasse eines fahrenden Zuges wird die Geschwindigkeit eines vorbeifliegenden Vogels anders beurteilen als ein in der Nähe befindlicher Fußgänger. Die Geschwindigkeit ist demnach vom Standpunkt abhängig, sie ist genauer <i>nicht</i> <a href="Bezugssystem#Wechsel_des_Bezugssystems" title="Bezugssystem">bezugssysteminvariant</a> oder kürzer nicht <i>objektiv</i>.
</p><p>Für die Formulierung eines <a href="Materialmodell" title="Materialmodell">Materialmodells</a>, in dem die Raten <a href="Kontinuumsmechanik#Konstitutive_Gleichungen" title="Kontinuumsmechanik">konstitutiver</a> Variablen auftreten, wie beispielsweise beim <a href="Newtonsches_Fluid" title="Newtonsches Fluid">newtonschen Fluid</a>, werden jedoch objektive Zeitableitungen dieser Variablen benötigt. Denn es entspricht nicht der Erfahrung, dass ein bewegter Beobachter ein anderes Materialverhalten misst als ein ruhender.
</p><p>Für ein objektives räumliches <a href="Vektorfeld" title="Vektorfeld">Vektorfeld</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {y}}({\vec {x}},t)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {y}}({\vec {x}},t)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/14e78aa84fc01bc679c55116f2505affe81d82f4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.277ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {y}}({\vec {x}},t)}" loading="lazy"></span> ist beispielsweise die Zeitableitung:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\stackrel {\nabla }{\vec {y}}}={\dot {\vec {y}}}-\mathbf {l} \cdot {\vec {y}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">∇<!-- ∇ --></mi>
</mrow>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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<mo>˙<!-- ˙ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">l</mi>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\stackrel {\nabla }{\vec {y}}}={\dot {\vec {y}}}-\mathbf {l} \cdot {\vec {y}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/965f3d6cb964272134b575f2cd2165e8175be9a0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.287ex; height:4.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\stackrel {\nabla }{\vec {y}}}={\dot {\vec {y}}}-\mathbf {l} \cdot {\vec {y}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wieder objektiv; darin ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathbf {l} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="bold">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathbf {l} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dca0b04733c4e44533df8a7eb12145d74cdbefef.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.742ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathbf {l} }" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Geschwindigkeitsgradient" title="Geschwindigkeitsgradient">Geschwindigkeitsgradient</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Besonders elegante Formulierungen für objektive Zeitableitungen ergeben sich in <a href="Konvektive_Koordinaten" title="Konvektive Koordinaten">konvektiven Koordinaten</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwendung">Verwendung</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physik">Physik</h3></div>
<p>Zeitableitungen sind ein Schlüsselbegriff in der <a href="Physik" title="Physik">Physik</a>, wo sie in vielen Grundgleichungen vorkommen, unter anderem:
</p>
<ul><li>Die <a href="Kraft" title="Kraft">Kraft</a> ist die Zeitableitung des <a href="Impuls" title="Impuls">Impulses</a>,</li>
<li>Die <a href="Leistung_(Physik)" title="Leistung (Physik)">Leistung</a> ist die Zeitableitung der <a href="Energie" title="Energie">Energie</a> und</li>
<li>der <a href="Elektrischer_Strom" title="Elektrischer Strom">elektrische Strom</a> ist die Zeitableitung der <a href="Elektrische_Ladung" title="Elektrische Ladung">elektrischen Ladung</a>.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemie">Chemie</h3></div>
<p>Die grundlegende Größe der chemischen Kinetik ist die <a href="Kinetik_(Chemie)#Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit" title="Kinetik (Chemie)">Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit</a>, die die Zeitableitung der <a href="Umsatzvariable" title="Umsatzvariable">Umsatzvariable</a> in einer <a href="Chemische_Reaktion" title="Chemische Reaktion">chemischen Reaktion</a> ist und die <a href="Dimension_(Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fensystem)" title="Dimension (Größensystem)">Dimension</a> einer <a href="Stoffmenge" title="Stoffmenge">Stoffmenge</a> pro Zeit besitzt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biologie">Biologie</h3></div>
<p>Die <a href="Populationsdynamik" title="Populationsdynamik">Populationsdynamik</a> ist die Veränderung der Größe <a href="Population_(Biologie)" title="Population (Biologie)">biologischer Populationen</a> in kürzeren oder längeren Zeiträumen. Die Zeitableitung der Populationsgröße ist die Differenz aus Geburtenrate und Sterberate, die wiederum von der Populationsgröße beeinflusst werden.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wirtschaftswissenschaften">Wirtschaftswissenschaften</h3></div>
<p>In der <a href="Wirtschaftswissenschaft" title="Wirtschaftswissenschaft">Wirtschaftswissenschaft</a> beschreiben theoretische Modelle, zum Beispiel das <a href="Solow-Modell" title="Solow-Modell">Solow-Modell</a>, das Verhalten ökonomischer Variablen über der Zeit. Dabei treten Zeitableitungen der ökonomischen Variablen auf:
</p>
<ul><li>Zur <a href="Vorratsinvestition" title="Vorratsinvestition">Vorratsinvestition</a> zählen die <a href="Vorratsver%C3%A4nderung" title="Vorratsveränderung">Vorratsveränderungen</a> der <a href="Lagerbestand" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagerbestand">Lagerbestände</a> und <a href="Betriebsstoff" title="Betriebsstoff">Betriebsstoffe</a>, also deren Zeitableitungen.</li>
<li>Die <a href="Umlaufgeschwindigkeit_des_Geldes" title="Umlaufgeschwindigkeit des Geldes">Umlaufgeschwindigkeit des Geldes</a> ist der Quotient aus dem nominalen <a href="Bruttoinlandsprodukt" title="Bruttoinlandsprodukt">Bruttoinlandsprodukt</a> und der Geldmenge selbst.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><span class="cite">Johannes Strommer: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.johannes-strommer.com/mathematik/ruck-beschleunigung-geschwindigkeit-weg"><i>Weg, Geschwindigkeit, Beschleunigung, Ruck.</i></a> 8.&nbsp;November 2018,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 1.&nbsp;Mai 2019</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AZeitableitung&amp;rft.title=Weg%2C+Geschwindigkeit%2C+Beschleunigung%2C+Ruck&amp;rft.description=Weg%2C+Geschwindigkeit%2C+Beschleunigung%2C+Ruck&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.johannes-strommer.com%2Fmathematik%2Fruck-beschleunigung-geschwindigkeit-weg&amp;rft.creator=Johannes+Strommer&amp;rft.date=2018-11-08">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a class="external text" href="https://de.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Mathematik_f%C3%BCr_Wirtschaftswissenschaftler:_%C3%96konomische_Funktionen"><i>Mathematik für Wirtschaftswissenschaftler: Ökonomische Funktionen.</i></a> Wikibooks,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 27.&nbsp;November 2018</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AZeitableitung&amp;rft.title=Mathematik+f%C3%BCr+Wirtschaftswissenschaftler%3A+%C3%96konomische+Funktionen&amp;rft.description=Mathematik+f%C3%BCr+Wirtschaftswissenschaftler%3A+%C3%96konomische+Funktionen&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fde.wikibooks.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMathematik_f%25C3%25BCr_Wirtschaftswissenschaftler%3A_%25C3%2596konomische_Funktionen&amp;rft.publisher=Wikibooks">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">siehe beispielsweise
<ul><li><span class="cite">Nürnberger, D.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=JGUkPQAACAAJ"><i>Implizite Zeitintegration für die Simulation von Turbomaschinenströmungen.</i></a> DLR, Bibliotheks- und Informationswesen, 2004,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 12.&nbsp;Mai 2019</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AZeitableitung&amp;rft.title=Implizite+Zeitintegration+f%C3%BCr+die+Simulation+von+Turbomaschinenstr%C3%B6mungen&amp;rft.description=Implizite+Zeitintegration+f%C3%BCr+die+Simulation+von+Turbomaschinenstr%C3%B6mungen&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.de%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJGUkPQAACAAJ&amp;rft.creator=N%C3%BCrnberger%2C+D.&amp;rft.publisher=DLR%2C+Bibliotheks-+und+Informationswesen&amp;rft.date=2004&amp;rft.language=de">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Marcus Wagner: <cite style="font-style:italic">Lineare und nichtlineare FEM</cite>. Springer-Verlag, Regensburg 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-17865-9, Zeitintegration von nichtlinearen dynamischen Problemen, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>223–246</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-17866-6">10.1007/978-3-658-17866-6</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abookitem&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Zeitableitung&amp;rft.atitle=Zeitintegration+von+nichtlinearen+dynamischen+Problemen&amp;rft.au=Marcus+Wagner&amp;rft.btitle=Lineare+und+nichtlineare+FEM&amp;rft.date=2017&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-658-17866-6&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=9783658178659&amp;rft.pages=223-246&amp;rft.place=Regensburg&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li>Kuhl, D.: <cite style="font-style:italic">Robuste Zeitintegration in der nichtlinearen Elastodynamik</cite>. Hrsg.: Institut für Baumechanik und Numerische Mechanik, Universität Hannover. Hannover 1996 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elib.dlr.de/25027/">dlr.de</a> [abgerufen am 12.&nbsp;Mai 2019]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Zeitableitung&amp;rft.au=Kuhl%2C+D.&amp;rft.btitle=Robuste+Zeitintegration+in+der+nichtlinearen+Elastodynamik&amp;rft.date=1996&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.place=Hannover" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul>
</span></li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolf Mahnken: <cite style="font-style:italic">Lehrbuch der Technischen Mechanik</cite>. Dynamik: Eine anschauliche Einführung. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Dordrecht, London, New York 2011, ISBN 978-3-642-19837-3, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>282<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>ff</span>., <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19838-0">10.1007/978-3-642-19838-0</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=p_gfBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA282#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche [abgerufen am 27.&nbsp;November 2018]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Zeitableitung&amp;rft.au=Rolf+Mahnken&amp;rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Technischen+Mechanik&amp;rft.date=2011&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-642-19838-0&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783642198373&amp;rft.pages=282+ff.&amp;rft.place=Heidelberg%2C+Dordrecht%2C+London%2C+New+York&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greve (2003), S. 3 f., Altenbach (2012), S. 76 ff.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Frechet-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Frechet_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Die <a href="Fr%C3%A9chet-Ableitung" title="Fréchet-Ableitung">Fréchet-Ableitung</a> einer Funktion <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> nach dem Vektor <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/db2dc6ced9cc3bc7e8b9f2707cbec033f6d3759c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {x}}}" loading="lazy"></span> ist der beschränkte lineare Operator <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/280ae03440942ab348c2ca9b8db6b56ffa9618f8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.903ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span> der – sofern er existiert – in alle Richtungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {h}}}">
<semantics>
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<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
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<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
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</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {h}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/04767cd7e050d91159e8537029e967f15b08532f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {h}}}" loading="lazy"></span> dem <a href="G%C3%A2teaux-Differential" title="Gâteaux-Differential">Gâteaux-Differential</a> entspricht, also mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle s\in \mathbb {R} }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="double-struck">R</mi>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle s\in \mathbb {R} }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/36efff902c6854b1196e79dec095b31e0c6a8ee9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.609ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle s\in \mathbb {R} }" loading="lazy"></span>

<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}({\vec {h}})=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}f({\vec {x}}+s{\vec {h}})\right|_{s=0}=\lim _{s\rightarrow 0}{\frac {f({\vec {x}}+s{\vec {h}})-f({\vec {x}})}{s}}\quad {\text{für alle}}\quad {\vec {h}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mrow>
<mo fence="true" stretchy="true" symmetric="true"></mo>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<munder>
<mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>s</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</munder>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mi>s</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>für alle</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>h</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}({\vec {h}})=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}f({\vec {x}}+s{\vec {h}})\right|_{s=0}=\lim _{s\rightarrow 0}{\frac {f({\vec {x}}+s{\vec {h}})-f({\vec {x}})}{s}}\quad {\text{für alle}}\quad {\vec {h}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8c503fb5f51cc5f24f5ecf6170b0a5b2a008aac0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:62.404ex; height:6.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}({\vec {h}})=\left.{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} s}}f({\vec {x}}+s{\vec {h}})\right|_{s=0}=\lim _{s\rightarrow 0}{\frac {f({\vec {x}}+s{\vec {h}})-f({\vec {x}})}{s}}\quad {\text{für alle}}\quad {\vec {h}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

gilt. Dann wird auch

<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}={\frac {\partial f}{\partial {\vec {x}}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">A</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>f</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}={\frac {\partial f}{\partial {\vec {x}}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1fd3af106c71bafaf7a63e235a7ffed2066b7111.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:8.486ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}={\frac {\partial f}{\partial {\vec {x}}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>

geschrieben, was hier dem <a href="Gradient_(Mathematik)" title="Gradient (Mathematik)">Gradient</a> entspricht.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Greve (2003), S. 42 ff., Altenbach (2012), S. 230 ff.</span>
</li>
</ol>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Ralf Greve: <cite style="font-style:italic">Kontinuumsmechanik</cite>. Springer, 2003, ISBN 978-3-642-62463-6, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>4</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55485-8">10.1007/978-3-642-55485-8</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.de/books?id=ZhcjBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA4#v=onepage">eingeschränkte Vorschau</a> in der Google-Buchsuche).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Zeitableitung&amp;rft.au=Ralf+Greve&amp;rft.btitle=Kontinuumsmechanik&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-642-55485-8&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783642624636&amp;rft.pages=4&amp;rft.pub=Springer" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li>
<li><a href="Holm_Altenbach" title="Holm Altenbach">Holm Altenbach</a>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Kontinuumsmechanik</cite>. Einführung in die materialunabhängigen und materialabhängigen Gleichungen. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-642-24118-5, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>230<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em">&nbsp;</span>ff</span>., <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24119-2">10.1007/978-3-642-24119-2</a></span>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Zeitableitung&amp;rft.au=Holm+Altenbach&amp;rft.btitle=Kontinuumsmechanik&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.doi=10.1007%2F978-3-642-24119-2&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9783642241185&amp;rft.pages=230+ff.&amp;rft.place=Berlin%2C+Heidelberg&amp;rft.pub=Springer-Verlag" style="display:none">&nbsp;</span></li></ul></div><!--htdig_noindex--><div><div class="zim-footer">
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